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Computador é uma máquina capaz de variados tipos de tratamento automático de informações ou processamento de dados. Um computador pode possuir inúmeros atributos, dentre elesarmazenamento de dadosprocessamento de dadoscálculo em grande escala, desenho industrial, tratamento de imagens gráficasrealidade virtualentretenimento e cultura.

No passado, o termo já foi aplicado a pessoas responsáveis por algum cálculo. Em geral, entende-se por computador um sistema físico que realiza algum tipo de computação. Existe ainda o conceito matemático rigoroso, utilizado na teoria da computação.

Assumiu-se que os computadores pessoais e laptops são ícones da Era da Informação[1]; e isto é o que muitas pessoas consideram como "computador". Entretanto, atualmente as formas mais comuns de computador em uso são os sistemas embarcados, pequenos dispositivos usados para controlar outros dispositivos, como robôscâmeras digitais ou brinquedos.

 

 

 

Índice

 

 

 

 

 

 

História

 

 

 

 

 

As primeiras máquinas de computar

 

 

 

 

150px-Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869

 

Pascaline, máquina calculadora feita porBlaise Pascal.

John Napier (1550-1617), escocês inventor dos logaritmos, também inventou os ossos de Napier, que eram tabelas de multiplicação gravadas em bastão, o que evitava a memorização da tabuada.

A primeira máquina de verdade foi construída por Wilhelm Schickard sendo capaz de somar, subtrair, multiplicar e dividir. Essa máquina foi perdida durante a guerra dos trinta anos, sendo que recentemente foi encontrada alguma documentação sobre ela. Durante muitos anos nada se soube sobre essa máquina, por isso, atribuía-se a Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) a construção da primeira máquina calculadora, que fazia apenas somas e subtrações.

A máquina Pascal foi criada com objetivo de ajudar seu pai a computar os impostos em RouenFrança. O projeto de Pascal foi bastante aprimorado pelo matemático alemão Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1726), que também inventou o cálculo, o qual sonhou que, um dia no futuro, todo o raciocínio pudesse ser substituído pelo girar de uma simples alavanca.

Todas essas máquinas, porém, estavam longe de ser um computador de uso geral, pois não eram programáveis. Isto quer dizer que a entrada era feita apenas de números, mas não de instruções a respeito do que fazer com os números.

 

Babbage

 

 

 

 

220px-BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg

 

Réplica (parte) do Calculador Diferencial criado por Charles Babbage.

A origem da ideia de programar uma máquina vem da necessidade de que as máquinas de tecer produzissem padrões de cores diferentes. Assim, no século XVIII foi criada uma forma de representar os padrões em cartões de papel perfurado, que eram tratados manualmente. Em 1801Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) inventa um tear mecânico, com uma leitora automática de cartões.

A ideia de Jacquard atravessou o Canal da Mancha, onde inspirou Charles Babbage(1792-1871), um professor de matemática de Cambridge, a desenvolver uma máquina de “tecer números”, uma máquina de calcular onde a forma de calcular pudesse ser controlada por cartões.

 

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