I've tried resigning the app with Sideloadly again, but I'm still encountering the same issue. The app is Age of Magic. Below, I'm including the log of the installation I just performed after reinstalling Sideloadly:
Sideloadly version 0.55.4, Windows 10.0, amd64
App successfully prepared for auto-refresh
Using IPA file: C:/Users/*****Desktop/Ipa/Age of Magic_ Turn Based RPG Hack No Jailbreak Cheats 2.27.2 Hacked IPA by iOSGods.com.ipa: ***********************************
Will use Local Anisette (iTunes Anisette)
Checking iOS version...
iOS version 18.1.1, will mangle bundleID
Prefetching Anisette...
Sideloadly will be shown in your Apple ID as PC running Windows 6.2(0,0)
Obtaining team ID
Using team "*****" (Individual, free) with id **********
Making sure device ID ********** is registered
Device ********** is already registered
Checking private key
Looking up app ID
Available app IDs: 9 App IDs Remaining, updates 5d
Using app ID "Age of Magic iOSGods com" with id **********
Provisioning profile TTL: 7 days, local: True
Signing...
Signing: unpacking
Signing: preparing
Signing: signing
Signing: packing
Signing: done
Connecting...
Cleaning up...
Uploading...
Installing...
Installing 5%: CreatingStagingDirectory
Installing 15%: ExtractingPackage
Installing 20%: InspectingPackage
Installing 30%: PreflightingApplication
Installing 40%: VerifyingApplication
Installing 50%: CreatingContainer
Installing 60%: InstallingApplication
Installing 70%: PostflightingApplication
Installing 80%: SandboxingApplication
Installing 90%: GeneratingApplicationMap
Installing 100%: InstallComplete
Installing 100%: Complete
Done.